Word Formation: Nouns and British History
October 23, 2025
GRAMATIKA. ŽODŽIŲ DARYBA – DAIKTAVARDIS
(WORD FORMATION – NOUN)
Dažniausios anglų kalbos daiktavardžių priesagos:
| Priesaga | Pavyzdys | Tarimas | Vertimas |
|---|---|---|---|
| -age | village, cabbage | /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/, /ˈkæbɪdʒ/ | kaimas, kopūstas |
| -al | arrival, refusal | /əˈraɪvəl/, /rɪˈfjuːzl/ | atvykimas, atsisakymas |
| -ance | acquaintance, importance | /əˈkweɪntəns/, /ɪmˈpɔːtəns/ | pažintis, svarbumas |
| -dom | freedom, kingdom | /ˈfriːdəm/, /ˈkɪŋdəm/ | laisvė, karalystė |
| -ence | independence, difference | /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/, /ˈdɪfrəns/ | nepriklausomybė, skirtumas |
| -er | leader, worker | /ˈliːdə/, /ˈwɜːkə/ | vadovas, darbininkas |
| -ess | actress, goddess | /ˈæktrɪs/, /ˈɡɒdɪs/ | aktorė, deivė |
| -hood | childhood, neighbourhood | /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/, /ˈneɪbəhʊd/ | vaikystė, kaimynystė |
| -ing | building | /ˈbɪldɪŋ/ | pastatas |
| -ism | heroism, nationalism | /ˈherəʊɪzəm/, /ˈnæʃənəlɪzəm/ | heroizmas, nacionalizmas |
| -ist | dramatist, scientist | /ˈdræmətɪst/, /ˈsaɪəntɪst/ | dramaturgas, mokslininkas |
| -ity | electricity, nationality | /ɪˌlekˈtrɪsɪti/, /ˌnæʃəˈnælɪti/ | elektra, tautybė |
| -ment | advertisement, pavement | /ədˈvɜːtɪsmənt/, /ˈpeɪvmənt/ | skelbimas, šaligatvis |
| -ness | darkness, kindness | /ˈdɑːknəs/, /ˈkaɪndnəs/ | tamsa, gerumas |
| -or | doctor, visitor | /ˈdɒktə/, /ˈvɪzɪtə/ | gydytojas, lankytojas |
| -ship | friendship, scholarship | /ˈfrendʃɪp/, /ˈskɒləʃɪp/ | draugystė, stipendija |
| -sion | expression, profession | /ɪkˈspreʃən/, /prəˈfeʃən/ | išsireiškimas, profesija |
| -tion | exhibition, tradition | /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃən/, /trəˈdɪʃən/ | paroda, tradicija |
| -ty | cruelty, safety | /ˈkruːəlti/, /ˈseɪfti/ | žiaurumas, saugumas |
Sudurtiniai daiktavardžiai (Compound Nouns)
Sudaromi iš dviejų žodžių:
- Vienu žodžiu: handkerchief, birthplace
- Atskirtu tarpu: washing machine, native land
- Su brūkšneliu: tea-spoon, sitting-room
- Su prielinksniais: brother-in-law, mother-in-law
SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF BRITAIN 🇬🇧
Alfred the Great and the Norman Conquest
For two hundred years the English were at war with the Danes.
King Alfred prepared for the defence of his land: he built ships and fortifications.
After his victory, small kingdoms united.
He opened schools, promoted science, and wrote laws — people called him Alfred the Great.
Later, the Danes returned.
Three Danish kings ruled England; the last one, Canute, died in 1035.
Then the Normans came from France.
Their leader William won the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
He became William the Conqueror and was crowned king on Christmas Day in Westminster Abbey.
Idiom / Sentencija
Love will find a way.
Meilė visada randa kelią.
Exercises
Exercise 1Add the Correct Noun Suffix
Add the correct suffix (-er, -ness, -ment, -tion, -ity, etc.) to form a noun.
- kind → _______
- dark → _______
- advertise → _______
- cruel → _______
- national → _______
Exercise 2Choose the Correct Suffix
Choose the correct noun form.
-
govern →
a) governess
b) government
c) governal -
differ →
a) difference
b) differity
c) differation -
safe →
a) safety
b) safement
c) safeness -
act →
a) actor
b) actness
c) acture
Exercise 3Match the Suffix to Its Meaning
| Suffix | Meaning |
|---|---|
| -dom | a state or condition |
| -er | a person who does something |
| -hood | a period or group |
| -ment | an action or result |
| -ship | a quality or relationship |
Exercise 4Translate into English
Translate using the correct noun form.
- Laisvė yra svarbi.
- Jis yra labai geras darbininkas.
- Aš tikiu draugyste.
- Šalyje yra nepriklausomybė.
- Mūsų vaikystė buvo linksma.
Exercise 5Fill in with Compound Nouns
Complete with compound nouns.
- My _______ lives next door. (neighbourhood / brother-in-law)
- I bought a new _______ to wash clothes. (washing machine / birth-room)
- Her _______ is Vilnius. (birthplace / birthplace-room)
- The _______ was full of people. (sitting-room / tea-room)
Exercise 6History Quiz – Alfred the Great
Choose the correct answer.
-
Who fought the Danes?
a) William the Conqueror
b) Alfred the Great
c) Julius Caesar -
What did Alfred build to defend the land?
a) castles and ships
b) schools and churches
c) factories and markets -
When did Canute die?
a) 55 BC
b) 1035
c) 1066
Exercise 7History Quiz – The Norman Conquest
-
Who led the Normans?
a) William
b) Alfred
c) Canute -
What was the famous battle?
a) Battle of London
b) Battle of Hastings
c) Battle of Thames -
Where was William crowned king?
a) Tower of London
b) Westminster Abbey
c) Canterbury Cathedral
Exercise 8Fill in the Missing Words
Fill in the blanks.
- Alfred was called _______ the Great.
- William the Conqueror won the Battle of _______.
- The Normans came from _______.
- Canute was a _______ king.
- Alfred opened _______ for his people.
Exercise 9Correct the Mistakes
Find and correct the mistakes.
- He built many ship to defend the coast.
- Alfred the Great was a Norman.
- Canute fighted against the Danes.
- William the Conqueror lived in 1035.
- The Battle of Hastings was in 1166.
Exercise 10Write Sentences
Write 5 sentences using words with suffixes from this lesson.
Example:
Friendship is important in my life.
He works as a scientist.
Freedom is a human right.